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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 8<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Multi-frequency oscillations in the modern power systemwith high-share of renewables and power electronic converters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 4 Terms, definitions and classification 4.1 Existing terms, definitions and historical background 4.1.1 General Figure 2 \u2013 Timeline of the historical developments of SSO terms,definitions and classification [12] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | 4.1.2 Subsynchronous resonance (SSR) Figure 3 \u2013 Terms and classification of SSR by IEEE [13] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | 4.1.3 Device dependent SSO (DDSSO) 4.2 Necessity to revisit the terms and classification 4.3 Revisiting the terms and classification 4.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 4.3.2 Torsional interaction Figure 4 \u2013 Classification of subsynchronous interaction based on the origin [12] Figure 5 \u2013 Reclassification of subsynchronous interactionsbased on the interaction mechanism <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 4.3.3 Network resonance 4.3.4 Control interaction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 4.4 Clause summary 5 SSCI incidents in real-world wind power systems 5.1 General Figure 6 \u2013 Timeline of SSCI events reported around the world <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 5.2 SSCI in DFIGs connected to series-compensated networks 5.2.1 ERCOT SSCI incident in 2009 Figure 7 \u2013 Structure of the ERCOT wind power system in 2009 [16] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 5.2.2 ERCOT SSCI events in 2017 Figure 8 \u2013 Oscilloscope record of the 2009 SSCI event in the ERCOT system [19] Figure 9 \u2013 Structure of the ERCOT wind power system in 2017 [24] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | Figure 10 \u2013 Event#1 August 24, 2017: current, voltage and frequency spectrumof the current during the SSCI event and after bypassing the series capacitor [24] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 5.2.3 SSCI events in Guyuan wind power system Figure 11 \u2013 Event#2 September 27, 2017: current, voltage and frequencyspectrum of the current during the SSCI event [24] Figure 12 \u2013 Event#3 October 27, 2017: current, voltage and frequency spectrumof the current during the SSCI event [24] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Figure 13 \u2013 Geographical layout of the Guyuan wind power system, Hebei Province, China <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | Figure 14 \u2013 Power flow measured at the 200 kV side of the Guyuan step-up transformer Figure 15 \u2013 Field recorded line current and frequency spectrum <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | Figure 16 \u2013 Field recorded voltage and frequency spectrum <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | 5.3 SSCI in FSC-based generators connected to weak AC network 5.3.1 SSCI event in Hami wind power system Figure 17 \u2013 Hami wind power system, Xinjiang, China [27] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | Figure 18 \u2013 Current (upper plot) and active power (lower plot) Figure 19 \u2013 Frequency spectrum of the current (upper plot) and active power (lower plot) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | Figure 20 \u2013 Field measured active power of a wind farm (a) From 09:46 to 09:47(b) From 11:52 to 11:53 Figure 21 \u2013 Torsional modes and frequency variation of the unstable oscillation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | 5.4 Clause summary Figure 22 \u2013 Torsional speed of modes 1 to 3 of unit #2 in Plant M Tables Table 1 \u2013 Comparison of the characteristics of real-world SSCI events <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | 6 Modeling and analysis approaches 6.1 Preview 6.2 Time-domain modeling and analysis approaches 6.2.1 General 6.2.2 Nonlinear time-domain EMT simulation 6.2.3 Controller hardware-in-the-loop simulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | 6.2.4 Linearized state-space modeling and modal analysis Figure 23 \u2013 Configuration of CHIL simulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | 6.2.5 Discussions on time-domain approaches for SSCI studies 6.3 Frequency-domain modeling and analysis approaches 6.3.1 Frequency scanning Table 2 \u2013 Main Features of time-domain approaches for SSCI studies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | 6.3.2 Complex torque coefficient method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | 6.3.3 Impedance-based modeling and analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | Figure 24 \u2013 Three-phase subsystem represented in the dq domainusing equivalent small-signal impedance Figure 25 \u2013 Three-phase subsystem represented in the sequencedomain using equivalent small-signal impedance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | Figure 26 \u2013 Impedance measurement in a simple system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | Figure 27 \u2013 A simple system in the impedance model, consistingof two separable components: source and load Figure 28 \u2013 Impedance model with voltage and current as input andoutput of the source and load sides; system stability is determinedby the two transfer function matrices, Zs(s) and Zl(s) Figure 29 \u2013 The unified dq-frame INM of a typical power system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | 6.4 Guidelines on the approaches to SSCI studies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | 6.5 Clause summary 7 Proposed benchmark models 7.1 Overview 7.2 Benchmark model based on Guyuan wind power system 7.2.1 General Figure 30 \u2013 Recommended guidelines for the SSCI stability analysisof a real-world wind power system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | 7.2.2 Configuration and parameters of the WTGs and Guyuan substation 7.2.3 Parameters of the DFIG’s converter control 7.2.4 Series-compensated electrical network 7.2.5 Case study Figure 31 \u2013 One-line diagram of the proposed benchmark model adoptedfrom the Guyuan wind power system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | 7.3 Benchmark model based on Hami wind power system 7.3.1 General Figure 32 \u2013 Simulation results of benchmark model (a) phase A current (b) frequency spectrum of the current (c) subsynchronous current component Figure 33 \u2013 One-line diagram of the proposed benchmarkmodel adopted from the Hami wind power system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | 7.3.2 Configuration and parameters of FSCs 7.3.3 Configuration and parameters of LCC-HVDC Figure 34 \u2013 The structure of the LCC HVDC system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | Figure 35 \u2013 AC filters and reactive power compensations Figure 36 \u2013 Three tuned DC filtersTT12\/24\/45 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | 7.3.4 Synchronous generators 7.3.5 Electrical network 7.3.6 Case studies Figure 37 \u2013 The common electrical network <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | 7.4 Clause summary 8 Mitigation methods 8.1 General Figure 38 \u2013 SSO in the second benchmark model (a) the SG rotor speed(b) subsynchronous frequency component in the speed(c) time-frequency analysis of the rotor speed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | 8.2 Bypassing the series capacitor 8.3 Selective tripping of WTGs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | 8.4 Network\/Grid-side subsynchronous damping controller (GSDC) Figure 39 \u2013 A system-wide SSCI mitigation scheme based on selective tripping of WTGs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | Figure 40 \u2013 (a) A series-compensated wind power system with GSDC(b) design and configuration of GSDC including SSDC and SCG <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | 8.5 Generation-side subsynchronous mitigation schemes 8.5.1 Adjusting the wind turbine converter control parameters Figure 41 \u2013 CHIL test results of GSDC (a) active power (b) subsynchronous current <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | 8.5.2 Adding an SSDC in the RSC control loop Figure 42 \u2013 SSCI mitigation by increasing the Kp of the inner controllers of the GSC(a) voltage at PCC (b) current phase-A (c) active and reactive power Figure 43 \u2013 SSCI mitigation by reducing the PLL bandwidth (a) voltage at PCC(b) current phase-A (c) active and reactive power <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 54<\/td>\n | Figure 44 \u2013 Control diagram of the virtual resistor for DFIG’s RSC controllers Figure 45 \u2013 The SSCI damped out when the virtual resistor is enabled at 2 seconds in simulation (a) voltage at PCC (b) current phase-A (c) active and reactive power <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | 8.5.3 Adding an SSDC in the GSC control loop Figure 46 \u2013 Control diagram of GSC of a typical FSC wind turbine Figure 47 \u2013 The SSCI mitigated after the virtual resistor is switched-on (a) voltage at PCC (b) current phase-A (c) active and reactive power <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 56<\/td>\n | 8.6 Protection schemes 8.7 Clause summary 9 Future work <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | Annex A (Informative) Table A.1 \u2013 Number of DFIGs in the wind farms of Guyuan system Table A.2 \u2013 DFIG and step-up transformer parameters (Base capacity = 1,5 MW) Table A.3 \u2013 GSC control parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Table A.4 \u2013 RSC control parameters Table A.5 \u2013 Transmission lines and their parameters in Guyuan wind power system Table A.6 \u2013 Electrical parameters of the VSC Table A.7 \u2013 Specific parameters of the converter transformer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | Table A.8 \u2013 Parameters of AC filters on the rectifier side (800 MW) Table A.9 \u2013 Parameters of AC filters on the inverter side (800 MW) Table A.10 \u2013 The control parameters of the LCC-HVDC system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | Table A.11 \u2013 The rated parameters and electrical parametersof the synchronous generator Table A.12 \u2013 660 MW steam turbine shafting equivalent lumped parameters Table A.13 \u2013 The common electrical network parameters (500 kV transmission line) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Dynamic characteristics of inverter-based resources in bulk power systems – Sub- and super-synchronous control interactions<\/b><\/p>\n |