{"id":275021,"date":"2024-10-19T18:29:29","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T18:29:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/bs-79102005\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T14:53:50","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T14:53:50","slug":"bs-79102005","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/bsi\/bs-79102005\/","title":{"rendered":"BS 7910:2005"},"content":{"rendered":"

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nBRITISH STANDARD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nCommittees responsible for this British Standard <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nContents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nIntroduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n1 Scope
2 Normative references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n3 Symbols and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n4 Types of flaw <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n5 Modes of failure and material damage mechanisms
5.1 The influence of the flaws listed in Clause 4 may be assessed, using this document, for the modes of failure and damage mechanisms listed below: <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n5.2 The following is the recommended sequence of operations for carrying out an assessment for a known flaw.
5.3 Several levels of treatment of flaws are possible, depending on the application and materials data available. Three levels of dealing with fracture are included in Clause 7. Level 1 is a conservative preliminary procedure which is simple to employ.
6 Information required for assessment
6.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n6.2 Essential data
6.3 Non-destructive testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n6.4 Stresses to be considered <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\nLinearization of stress distributions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\nSchematic representation of stress distribution across section <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\nProcedure for resolving flaws normal to principal stress <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\n7 Assessment for fracture resistance
7.1 Background <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\nFlow charts – General methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nFlowchart – Level 1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\nFlowchart – Level 2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\nFlowchart – Level 3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\nFlaw dimensions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\nPlanar flaw interactions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\nPlanar flaw interactions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\nPlanar flaw interactions (continued) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nPlanar flaw interactions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n7.2 Level 1 – Simplified assessment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\nLevel 1A FAD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\n7.3 Level 2 – Normal assessment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\nLevel 2 FADs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\n7.4 Level 3 – Ductile tearing assessment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\nLevel 3A FAD with assessment locus for a known flaw
7.5 Further points <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\nExample of non-unique solutions (schematic)
Limits for slag inclusions and porosity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\n8 Assessment for fatigue
8.1 Assessment procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\nProcedure for assessment of known flaws <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\n8.2 Data required for assessment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nStress ranges used in fatigue assessments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nSchematic crack growth relationships <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\nRecommended fatigue crack growth laws
Recommended fatigue crack growth laws for steels in air <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nRecommended fatigue crack growth laws for steels in a marine environmenta <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\nRecommended fatigue crack growth threshold, <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\n8.3 Probability of survival
8.4 General procedure for fracture mechanics assessment of planar flaws <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\n8.5 Basis of procedure for assessing flaws using quality categories
Details of quality category <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\nQuality category S-N curves for use in simplified fatigue assessments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\n8.6 Assessment of planar flaws using quality categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\nAssessment of surface flaws in axially-loaded material for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nAssessment of surface flaws in axially-loaded material for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nAssessment of surface flaws in flat material (no weld toe or other stress raiser) in bending for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\nAssessment of surface flaws in flat material (no weld toe or other stress raiser) in bending for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nAssessment of embedded flaws in axially-loaded joints for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nAssessment of embedded flaws in axially-loaded joints for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\nAssessment of weld toe flaws in axially-loaded joints for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nAssessment of weld toe flaws in axially-loaded joints for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nAssessment of weld toe flaws in axially-loaded joints for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\nAssessment of weld toe flaws in axially-loaded joints for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\nAssessment of weld toe flaws in axially-loaded joints for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nAssessment of weld toe flaws in axially-loaded joints for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\nAssessment of weld toe flaws in joints loaded in bending for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\nAssessment of weld toe flaws in joints loaded in bending for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\nAssessment of weld toe flaws in joints loaded in bending for simplified procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\n8.7 Assessment of embedded non-planar flaws using quality categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\nMinimum values of <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nLimits for non-planar flaws in as-welded steel and aluminium alloy weldments
Limits for non-planar flaws in steel weldments stress relieved by PWHT
8.8 Assessment of shape imperfections using quality categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\nAcceptance levels for misalignment expressed in terms of stress magnification factor, km
Acceptance levels for weld toe undercut in material thicknesses from 10 mm to 40 mm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\n8.9 Estimation of tolerable sizes of flaws
9 Assessment of flaws under creep conditions
9.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\n9.2 Creep exemption criteria <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nDetermination of the temperature T
Temperature below which creep is negligible in 200 000 h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nDetermination of the time t(T) to achieve an accumulated creep strain of 0.2 % at a stress level equal to the proof strength
9.3 General restrictions and information requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\n9.4 Crack beheaviour at high temperature
Schematic behaviour of crack subjected to steady loading at elevated temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\nSchematic representation of crack propagation and failure conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\n9.5 Assessment procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\nProcedure for creep assessment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\nProcedure for creep assessment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\n10 Assessment for other modes of failure
10.1 Yielding due to overloading of remaining cross section
10.2 Leakage in pressure, liquid or vacuum containing equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\n10.3 Environmental effects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nSchematic diagrams of typical relationships between crack velocity and stress intensity factor during stress corrosion cracking <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nTypes of corrosion fatigue crack growth behaviour <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\n10.4 Instability (buckling) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\n(normative) Evaluation under combined direct and shear stresses or mode I, II and III loads
(normative) Evaluation under combined direct and shear stresses or mode I, II and III loads
Introduction
Outline of methodology
Determination of Kr
General
Linear elastic stress intensity factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\nThe effective stress intensity factor
Determination of K
Procedure for determining \u2018
Determination of L <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\n(informative) Assessment procedures for tubular joints in offshore structures
(informative) Assessment procedures for tubular joints in offshore structures
Overview
Introduction
General procedure
Stress analysis
General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\nAssessment methodology for fatigue crack growth in tubular joints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\nGlobal structural analysis
Local joint stress analysis
Stress intensity factor solutions
Evaluation methods
Numerical solutions for tubular joints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\nPlate solutions
Fatigue assessment
Stress range
Stress intensity factor range
Initial flaw dimensions
Limit to fatigue crack propagation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nFracture assessment
Introduction
Primary stresses
Residual stresses
Determination of Kr or
Collapse parameter L <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nFlaw assessment
(informative) Fracture assessment procedures for pressure vessels and pipelines
(informative) Fracture assessment procedures for pressure vessels and pipelines
General
Suggested methodology for the fitness for purpose assessment of flaws in pressure vessels and pipelines
Pressure vessels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\nAlgorithm for pressure vessel flaw assessment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\nPipelines
Guidance for pressure vessels
General
Toughness data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\nFlaw size data
Flaw type
Stress analysis
Guidance for oil and gas transmission pipelines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\n(normative) Stress due to misalignment
(normative) Stress due to misalignment
Calculation of stress magnification factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\nFormulae for calculating the bending stress due to misalignment in butt joints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nFormulae for calculating the bending stress due to misalignment in butt joints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\nFormulae for calculating the bending stress due to misalignment in butt joints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\nFormulae for calculating the bending stress due to misalignment in cruciform joints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\n(normative) Flaw recharacterization
(normative) Flaw recharacterization
Rules for recharacterization of flaws <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\n(informative) A procedure for leak-before-break assessment
(informative) A procedure for leak-before-break assessment
General
The leak-before-break diagram <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\nGuidance on selection of assessment sites around a pipe system
Detectable leakage procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\nLeak-before-break procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\nLeak-before-break procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nFull leak-before-break procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\nBackground notes and guidance on using the procedure
General
Flaw characterization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nDetailed leak-before-break diagram <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\nExample characterization of a complex flaw <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
140<\/td>\nCalculation of limiting crack lengths
Calculation of flaw length at breakthrough (only required for the full leak-before-break procedure) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
141<\/td>\nSchematic crack profiles at breakthrough <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
142<\/td>\nRecommended re-characterization of flaws at breakthrough for predominantly tensile loading <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
143<\/td>\nRecommended re-characterization of flaws at breakthrough for predominantly through-wall bend <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
144<\/td>\nCalculation of crack-opening areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
145<\/td>\nCrack opening area methods for simple geometrics and loadings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
146<\/td>\nLeak rate calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
147<\/td>\nSummary of surface roughness values from Wilkowski et al [124]
Leak detection and crack stability following breakthrough <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
148<\/td>\nAssessment of results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
149<\/td>\nInclusion of creep effects
General
Limiting length of through-wall crack,
Crack length at breakthrough, <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
150<\/td>\nTime required to detect leak,
Time, <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
151<\/td>\nCalculate times to creep rupture at crack sizes
Assess results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
152<\/td>\nUnstable crack growth before creep rupture
Rupture before unstable crack growth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
153<\/td>\nSensitivity studies
(normative) The assessment of corrosion in pipes and pressure vessels
(normative) The assessment of corrosion in pipes and pressure vessels
Background
Applicability
General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
154<\/td>\nApplicable flaws
Exclusions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
155<\/td>\nFactors of safety
Assessment Procedure
Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
156<\/td>\nFlow chart of assessment procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
157<\/td>\nSafe working pressure estimate for a single flaw
Single flaw dimensions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
158<\/td>\nInteraction rules <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
159<\/td>\nInteracting flaw dimensions
Interacting flaws
General
Safe working pressure estimate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\nCorrosion depth adjustment for flaws with background corrosion
Projection of circumferentially interacting flaws <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\nProjection of overlapping sites onto a single projection line
Combining interacting flaws <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
163<\/td>\nExample of the grouping of adjacent flaws for interaction to find the grouping which gives the lowest estimated failure pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
164<\/td>\nCircular locally thinned areas in uncracked spherical shells (Sims et al [136]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
165<\/td>\nCross section of locally thinned area geometry on spherical shell
Further assessment
Recommendations for conducting non-linear finite element analysis of corrosion flaws in pipes and pressure vessels
General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
166<\/td>\nModelling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
167<\/td>\nFinite element stress analysis
Assessment of analysis results
Prediction of failure pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
168<\/td>\n(normative) Reporting of fracture, fatigue or creep assessments
(normative) Reporting of fracture, fatigue or creep assessments
General
Fracture assessments
Analysis details
Input data
Results
Sensitivity analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
169<\/td>\nFatigue assessments
Method and criterion of acceptance
Input data
Results
Sensitivity analysis
Creep assessments
Analysis details <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
170<\/td>\nInput data
Results
Sensitivity analysis
(informative) The significance of weld strength mismatch on the fracture behaviour of welded joints
(informative) The significance of weld strength mismatch on the fracture behaviour of welded joints
General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
171<\/td>\nEffect of mismatch on fracture toughness measurement
General
K
CTOD and
CTOD and J measurements in HAZs (see also Annex L)
Effect of mismatch on flaw assessment procedures
General aspects
Effect of crack size and material work hardening rate
Assessment of butt welds perpendicular to the applied tensile stress <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
172<\/td>\nAssessment of butt welds parallel to the applied tensile stresses
Assessment of fillet welds
Specific procedures for assessing effects of mismatch <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
173<\/td>\n(informative) Use of Charpy V-notch impact tests to estimate fracture toughness
(informative) Use of Charpy V-notch impact tests to estimate fracture toughness
Introduction
Charpy\/fracture toughness correlations
Lower shelf and transitional behaviour <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
174<\/td>\nFlowchart for selecting an appropriate correlation for estimating fracture toughness from Charpy data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
175<\/td>\nLower shelf transitional behaviour based on the master curve
Lower shelf transitional behaviour based on the master curve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
176<\/td>\nValidity limits
Upper limit for <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
177<\/td>\nTreatment of sub-size Charpy data
(normative) Reliability, partial safety factors, number of tests and reserve factors
(normative) Reliability, partial safety factors, number of tests and reserve factors
General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
178<\/td>\nUse of partial safety factors for fracture assessment
Partial safety factors – General
Partial safety factors on stress, flaw size, toughness and yield strength
Target probability of failure (events\/year) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180<\/td>\nRecommended partial factors for different target probabilities of failure
Fracture toughness values: number of tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
181<\/td>\nEquivalent fracture toughness values to the minimum of three results [152] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
182<\/td>\nSensitivity analyses for fracture assessments
General
Reserve factors
Evaluation of FL for a single primary stress <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
183<\/td>\nThree scenarios for the graphical determination of FL in the presence of <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
184<\/td>\nLevel 2 assessments – Sensitivity analysis using reserve load factors
Level 3 assessment – Sensitivity analysis using reserve load factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
185<\/td>\nTypical load factor variation graphs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
186<\/td>\nLoad factor variation with flaw size Level 3 analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
187<\/td>\nSensitivity analyses
Guidance on determination of safe loading conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
188<\/td>\nPreferred sensitivity curves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
189<\/td>\n(normative) Fracture toughness determination for welds
(normative) Fracture toughness determination for welds
General
Test philosophy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
190<\/td>\nMicrostructures in steel weldments
Heat affected zones
Weld metals
Test requirements
Materials
Welding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
191<\/td>\nSpecimen geometry
Test procedure
Metallographic validation
Number of tests required
Analysis of test results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
192<\/td>\n(normative) Stress intensity factor solutions
(normative) Stress intensity factor solutions
General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
193<\/td>\nNet area, misalignment, stress concentration and bulging effects
Flat plates
Through-thickness flaws in plates
Surface flaws in plates (Raju and Newman [165]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
194<\/td>\nThrough-thickness flaw geometry
Surface flaw <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
196<\/td>\nElliptical integral \u00d5 as a function of a\/2c used for the calculation of <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
197<\/td>\nStress intensity magnification factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
198<\/td>\nStress intensity magnification factor Mm for surface flaws in tension (continued) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
200<\/td>\nStress intensity magnification factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
201<\/td>\nStress intensity magnification factor, <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
202<\/td>\nLong surface flaws in plates [39]
Embedded flaws in plates [165]
Long surface flaw geometry
Embedded flaw <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
204<\/td>\nStress intensity magnification factor Mm for embedded flaws in tension (at point nearest material surface) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
206<\/td>\nStress intensity magnification factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
207<\/td>\nEdge flaws in plates [165]
Edge flaw geometry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
208<\/td>\nCorner flaw geometry
Corner flaws in plates [165] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
209<\/td>\nCorner flaws at hole [164]
Corner flaw at hole geometry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
211<\/td>\nSingle corner crack at hole
Curved shells
General
Curved shells under internal pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
212<\/td>\nCurved shells under internal pressure and mechanical loads
Through-thickness flaw in cylinder oriented axially <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
213<\/td>\nM <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
214<\/td>\nM <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
215<\/td>\nM <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
216<\/td>\nM <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
217<\/td>\nThrough-thickness flaw in cylinder oriented cicumferentially <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
218<\/td>\nM <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
219<\/td>\nM <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
220<\/td>\nM <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
221<\/td>\nM <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
222<\/td>\nM
Through-thickness flaw in spherical shell <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
223<\/td>\nM <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
224<\/td>\nInternal surface flaw in cylinder oriented axially
Internal surface flaw in cylinder oriented circumferentially <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
225<\/td>\nM
M <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
226<\/td>\nLong internal surface flaw in cylinder oriented axially
Long internal surface flaw in cylinder oriented circumferentially <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
227<\/td>\nM
External surface flaw in cylinder oriented axially <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
228<\/td>\nMm and Mb for axial external surface flaw in cylinder <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
229<\/td>\nLong axial external surface flaw in cylinder
Long circumferential external surface flaw in cylinder <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
230<\/td>\nEmbedded flaws in shells
Flaws in nozzles
Welded joints
Surface cracks at weld toes [see Figure 23a) to Figure 23c)] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
231<\/td>\nCrack and welded joint geometries <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
232<\/td>\nTransverse load-carrying cruciform joint
Values of v and w for axial and bending loading <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
236<\/td>\nWeld root flaws in cruciform joints [181] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
237<\/td>\nRound bars\/bolts
Straight-fronted flaws in round bars [182]
Semi-circular surface flaws in round bars [182] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
238<\/td>\nSurface flaw
Semi-circular surface flaws in bolts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
239<\/td>\nCircumferential flaws in round bars [40]
Tubular joints (not nozzles)
Circumferential flaw in bolt <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
240<\/td>\n(normative) Simplified procedures for determining the acceptability of a known flaw or estimating the acceptable flaw size using Level 1 fracture procedures
(normative) Simplified procedures for determining the acceptability of a known flaw or estimating the acceptable flaw size using Level 1 fracture procedures
Estimation of acceptable flaw sizes
General
Calculation of
Calculation of <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
241<\/td>\nFinite width correction
Estimation of the acceptability of a known flaw <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
242<\/td>\nRelationship between actual flaw dimensions and the parameter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
243<\/td>\nRelationship between actual flaw dimensions and the parameter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
244<\/td>\n(informative) Consideration of proof testing and warm prestressing
(informative) Consideration of proof testing and warm prestressing
General
Proof or overload testing
Warm prestressing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
245<\/td>\nTypical warm pre-stress cycles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
246<\/td>\nSimplified WPS argument
Full WPS procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
247<\/td>\n(normative) Calculation of reference stress
(normative) Calculation of reference stress
Purpose <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
248<\/td>\nGeneral
Formulae for flat plates [166]
Through-thickness flaw (see Figure M.1)
Surface flaw (see Figure M.2)
Long surface flaws in plates (see Figure M.6) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
249<\/td>\nEmbedded flaw (see Figure M.7)
Edge flaw (see Figure M.10)
Corner flaws in plates (see Figure M.11)
Corner flaws at hole (see Figure M.12) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\nSingle corner flaw at hole
Other geometries <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
251<\/td>\nFormulae for curved shells
General
Through-thickness flaws <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
252<\/td>\nSurface flaws in cylinders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
254<\/td>\nEmbedded flaws in shells
Formulae for weld toe cracks [see Figure M.23a) to c)]
Formulae for round bars and bolts [195]
Semi-elliptical surface flaws in bolts\/chordal surface flaws in bolts (see Figure M.25)
Values of \u00b7 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
255<\/td>\nCircumferential flaw in round bar (see Figure M.26)
Plastic collapse of tubular joints
Plastic collapse from volumetric flaws
Global collapse
Conditions for which a check on global collapse should be made
Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
256<\/td>\n(informative) Residual stress distributions in as-welded joints
(informative) Residual stress distributions in as-welded joints
General
Parametric ranges for recommended residual stress distributions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
257<\/td>\nTypical residual stress distribution in welded joints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
258<\/td>\nPlate butt welds – Figure Q.1a)
Longitudinal residual stresses (i.e. parallel to the weld length)
Transverse residual stresses (i.e. perpendicular to the weld length)
Pipe circumferential butt welds
Longitudinal residual stresses (i.e. parallel to the weld length and circumferential to the pipe) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
259<\/td>\nTransverse residual stresses (i.e. perpendicular to the weld length and parallel to the axis of the pipe)
Pipe axial seam welds
T-butt and fillet welds – Figure Q.1c)
General
Electrical energy (heat input) based <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
260<\/td>\nParametric formulae based on experimental data
Repair welds – Figure Q.1d) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
261<\/td>\n(normative) Determination of plasticity interaction effects with combined primary and secondary loading
(normative) Determination of plasticity interaction effects with combined primary and secondary loading
General
Simplified procedure for the determination of \u2018 when KIs\/(KIp\/ <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
262<\/td>\nValues of
Detailed procedure for the determination of \u2018 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
263<\/td>\nTabulation of <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
264<\/td>\nTabulation of
Advice on calculating Kps
General
Determination of <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
265<\/td>\nLinear elastic calculation of <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
266<\/td>\nAlternative approaches for assessing combined primary and secondary stresses
The finite element method
The EPRI-GE J-estimation scheme
Through-thickness cracks with completely self-balancing residual stress fields <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
267<\/td>\nStress intensity factor for through-thickness cracks with through-wall self-balancing stress distributions
(normative) Approximate numerical integration methods for fatigue life estimation
(normative) Approximate numerical integration methods for fatigue life estimation
The use of finite crack growth increments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
269<\/td>\nThe use of blocks of stress cycles
(informative) Information for making high temperature crack growth assessments
(informative) Information for making high temperature crack growth assessments
Materials data
Tensile properties
Creep strain versus time curves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
270<\/td>\nDerivation of strain versus time curves from iso-strain curves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
271<\/td>\nDerivation of incremental creep strains
Strain hardening construction to obtain incremental strains
Stress to rupture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
272<\/td>\nConstruction to estimate creep damage in block
Fatigue crack propagation rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
273<\/td>\nCreep crack propagation rate
Constants used to derive creep crack propagation rates in mm\/h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
274<\/td>\nFracture toughness
Typical values of fracture toughness (based on the value of
Incubation period <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
275<\/td>\nCalculation procedure
Step 1: Plot past operating history and future operating requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
276<\/td>\nDivision of operating history into blocks of constant stress and constant temperature
Step 2: Calculate margin against fracture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
277<\/td>\nStep 3: Calculate the effect of previous history
Step 4: Assess future performance in block 6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
279<\/td>\nStep 5: Assess performance during future life
Modifications to allow for incubation period
The assessment of flaws in weldments
General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
280<\/td>\nPlant experience
Advice on structural calculations for weldments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
281<\/td>\nResidual stresses
Assessment to include creep-fatigue loading
General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
282<\/td>\nCrack growth due to creep
Crack growth due to fatigue
Total crack growth in block
Incubation period <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
283<\/td>\n(informative) Worked example to demonstrate high temperature failure assessment procedure
(informative) Worked example to demonstrate high temperature failure assessment procedure
General
Problem specification
Operating conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
284<\/td>\nFlaw dimensions
Thermal stress distribution in the region of the flaw <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
285<\/td>\nSelected materials data
Assessment procedure
Step 1: General (see 9.5.1)
Step 2: Initial investigations to establish cause of cracking (see 9.5.2)
Step 3: Define previous plant history and future operational requirements (see 9.5.3)
Step 4: Establish stresses (see 9.5.4)
Stress category
Step 5: Characterize flaws (see 9.5.5) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
286<\/td>\nStep 6: Establish material properties (see 9.5.6)
Step 7: Check on fatigue (see 9.5.7) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
287<\/td>\nStep 8: Perform flaw assessment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
288<\/td>\nMargin against fracture for high pressure start up <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
289<\/td>\nData at beginning of each month for deepest point of crack <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
290<\/td>\nData at beginning of each month for crack growth along surface
Creep crack growth for period August 1990 to July 2005
Step 9: Special considerations for welds (see 9.5.9) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
291<\/td>\nIncrease in creep damage from start of operation in April 1985 to July 2005
Step 10: Sensitivity analysis (see 9.5.10) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
292<\/td>\nStep 11: Remedial action (see 9.5.11) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BSI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2007<\/td>\n306<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":275029,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[431,2641],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-275021","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-25-160-40","7":"product_cat-bsi","9":"first","10":"instock","11":"sold-individually","12":"shipping-taxable","13":"purchasable","14":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/275021","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275029"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275021"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=275021"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=275021"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}