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IEEE 81.2-1991

IEEE 81.2-1991

$126.75

IEEE Guide for Measurement of Impedance and Safety Characteristics of Large, Extended or Interconnected Grounding Systems

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
IEEE 1991 100
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New IEEE Standard – Inactive-Withdrawn. Practical instrumentation methods are presented for measuring the ac characteristics of large, extended or interconnected grounding systems. Measurements of impedance to remote earth, step and touch potentials, and current distributions are covered for grounding systems ranging in complexity from small grids (less than 900m 2), with only a few connected overhead or direct burial bare concentric (2) neutrals, to large grids (greater than 20 000m 2), with many connected neutrals, overhead ground wires (sky wires), counterpoises, grid tie conductors, cable shields, and metallic pipes. This standard addresses measurement safety; earth-return mutual errors; low-current measurements; power-system staged faults; communication and control cable transfer impedance; current distribution (current splits) in the grounding system; step, touch, mesh, and profile measurements; the foot-equivalent electrode earth resistance; and instrumentation characteristics and limitations.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 Title Page
3 Foreword
Participants
5 CONTENTS
8 1. Purpose
2. Scope
9 3. References
10 4. Safety Practices
4.1 General Precautions
4.2 Safety Aspects of Test Preparations
11 4.3 Safety Aspects of Test Measurements
5. Factors Effecting Grounding System Measurements
13 6. Preliminary Planning and Procedures
6.1 Distance to Current and Potential Test Electrodes
6.2 Selection of Test-Conductor Routing and Test-Probe Locations
14 6.3 Determining the Effect of Overhead-Ground-Wire Shielding on Test Current Distribution
6.4 Estimating Grounding Grid Impedance
6.5 Estimating Minimum Test Current
6.6 Test Current Sources
15 6.7 Estimating Test-Current Source Requirements
6.8 Remote Rod Electrode Current Capacity
16 6.9 Potential Input Impedance
6.10 Determining Grounding System Connection Condition
6.11 Establishing the Measurement Point on a Grounding System
7. Earth-Return Mutual Effects When Measuring Grounding-System Impedance
7.1 Introduction
17 7.2 Measurement Error Due to Earth Mutual Resistances
7.3 Measurement Error Due to AC Mutual Coupling
19 7.4 Mutual Coupling to Potential Lead From Extended Ground Conductors
8. Measurement of Low-Impedance Grounding Systems by Test-Current Injection
8.1 Introduction
20 8.2 Signal Generator and Power Amplifier Source
23 8.3 Portable Power-Generator Source
27 8.4 Power System Low-Voltage Source
30 9. Measurement of Low-Impedance Grounding Systems by Power System Staged Faults
9.1 Introduction
31 9.2 Fault Configurations
9.3 Fault Initiation
32 9.4 Current Measurements
9.5 Potential Measurements
34 9.6 Interference Reduction
35 9.7 Calibration
37 10. Current Distribution in Extended Grounding Systems
10.1 Introduction
38 10.2 Test Considerations
40 10.3 Analysis of Current Distribution in a Grounding System (See
44 10.4 Induced Current in the Angled Overhead Ground Wire
48 10.5 Current Distribution During a Staged Fault Test (See
56 11. Transfer Impedances to Communication or Control Cables
58 12. Step, Touch, and Voltage-Profile Measurements
12.1 General Requirements
59 12.2 Grid Safety Requirements
12.3 Footprint-Electrode Method
12.4 Test-Probe Method
61 12.5 Simulated-Personnel Method (See
63 13. Instrumentation Components
13.1 Introduction
64 13.2 Direct-Reading Ohmmeters
13.3 Electromagnetic Oscillograph
65 13.4 Tuned Voltmeter
13.5 Fast Fourier Transform Analyzer
13.6 Sine Wave Network Analyzer
66 13.7 Staged Fault
13.8 Switched Power-Frequency Source
13.9 Welding Set or Portable Power Generator
67 13.10 Low-Power Sine Wave Source
13.11 Low-Power Random Noise Source
13.12 Periodic (Nonsinusoidal) Generator
13.13 Power-System Switching Transient
68 13.14 Pulse Generator
13.15 Current Transformer (CT)
13.16 Resistive Shunt
13.17 Inductive Current Pickup
69 13.18 Hall-Effect Probe
13.19 Remote Synchronization of Test Signal
13.20 Measurement Environment and Signal Transmission
71 14. Instrument Performance Parameters
14.1 Reading Accuracy
14.2 Selectivity
74 14.3 Impedance Phase Discrimination
75 14.4 Current Level
14.5 Test Frequency and Current Waveform
76 14.6 Measurement Error Reduction (See
15. Bibliography
80 Annex A Mutual Impedance Between Horizontal Earth-Return Conductors and the Self Impedance of a H…
91 Annex B Mutual Impedance Between Finite Length Conductors Lying on the Ground Based on the Campbe…
96 Annex C Earth Return Impedance of a Grid-Tie Conductor
98 Annex D Parallel Impedance of an Overhead Ground Wire and a Buried Counterpoise Conductor

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