IEEE 62271-37-013-2021

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IEEE/IEC International Standard for High-voltage switchgear and controlgear–Part 37-013: Alternating current generator circuit-breakers

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IEEE	2021

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	FRONT COVER
4	CONTENTS
15	FOREWORD
18	1 Scope 2 Normative references
19	3 Terms and definitions 3.1 General terms and definitions
22	3.2 Assemblies of switchgear and controlgear 3.3 Parts of assemblies
23	3.4 Switching devices
26	3.5 Parts of switchgear and controlgear
29	3.6 Operational characteristics of switchgear and controlgear
33	3.7 Characteristic quantities
42	Figures Figure 1 – Example of a graphical record of a three-phase short-circuit make-break test
43	Figure 2 – Generator circuit-breaker without resistors – Opening operation Figure 3 – Generator circuit-breaker without resistors – Close-open cycle
44	Figure 4 – Generator circuit-breaker with opening resistors – Opening operation
45	Figure 5 – Generator circuit-breaker with opening resistors – Close-open cycle Figure 6 – Example of a three-phase asymmetrical current
46	Figure 7 – Examples of possible interruptions in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop and a corresponding time t1 Figure 8 – Examples of possible interruptions in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop and a corresponding time t2
47	3.8 Index of definitions
51	4 Normal and special service conditions 4.1 Normal service conditions 4.2 Special service conditions 4.2.1 General 4.2.2 Altitude 4.2.3 Exposure to pollution 4.2.4 Temperature and humidity 4.2.5 Exposure to abnormal vibrations, shock or tilting 4.2.6 Wind speed
52	4.2.7 Other parameters 5 Ratings 5.1 General 5.2 Rated voltage (Ur, Urgcb_side, Ursd_side)
53	5.3 Rated insulation level (Ud, Up)
54	5.4 Rated frequency (fr) 5.5 Rated continuous current (Ir) Tables Table 1 – Rated insulation levels for generator circuit-breakersand generator circuit-breaker systems
56	Figure 9 – Effect of various cooling failures and subsequent loadreductions on generator circuit-breaker (system) temperature
57	5.6 Rated short-time withstand current (Ik) 5.7 Rated peak withstand current (Ip) 5.8 Rated duration of short circuit (tk) 5.9 Rated supply voltage of auxiliary and control circuits (Ua) 5.9.1 General 5.9.2 Rated supply voltage (Ua)
58	5.10 Rated supply frequency of auxiliary and control circuits 5.11 Rated pressure of compressed gas supply for controlled pressure systems 5.101 Rated short-circuit current (Isc) Table 2 – Preferred values of supply voltages and their ranges for auxiliary and control circuits of generator circuit-breakers and generator circuit-breaker systems
60	Figure 10 – Typical asymmetrical system-source short-circuit current
61	Figure 11 – Degree of asymmetry as a function of time after fault initiation
62	Figure 12 – Typical asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit current with a strong decrement of the AC component
63	5.102 Rated short-circuit making current IMC
64	5.103 Rated load breaking current 5.104 Rated out-of-phase making and breaking current 5.105 Rated transient recovery voltage (TRV)
65	Figure 13 – Two-parameter representation of prospective TRV waveform for interrupting three-phase symmetrical faults
66	Table 3 – TRV parameters for system-source short-circuit tests Table 4 – TRV parameters for generator-source short-circuit tests Table 5 – TRV parameters for load current tests
67	5.106 Rated operating sequence 5.107 Mechanical operation endurance capability of generator circuit-breakers, main-disconnectors, starting switches, BTB-switches and braking switches of classes M1, M2 and M3 5.108 Rated first-pole-to-clear factor 6 Design and construction 6.1 Requirements for liquids in switchgear and controlgear 6.2 Requirements for gases in switchgear and controlgear Table 6 – TRV parameters for out-of-phase tests
68	6.3 Earthing of switchgear and controlgear 6.4 Auxiliary and control equipment and circuits
69	6.5 Dependent power operation 6.6 Stored energy operation 6.7 Independent unlatched operation (independent manual or power operation) 6.8 Manually operated actuators 6.9 Operation of releases 6.9.1 General 6.9.2 Shunt closing release 6.9.3 Shunt opening release
70	6.9.4 Capacitor operation of shunt releases 6.9.5 Under-voltage release 6.9.101 Multiple releases 6.9.102 Operation limits of releases 6.9.103 Power consumption of releases 6.10 Pressure/level indication 6.10.1 Gas pressure 6.10.2 Liquid level 6.11 Nameplates 6.11.1 General 6.11.2 Application
71	Table 7 – Nameplate information for generator circuit-breakers
73	Table 8 – General nameplate information for generator circuit-breaker systems
74	Table 9 – Nameplate information for generator circuit-breakers,being part of a generator circuit-breaker system
76	Table 10 – Nameplate information for main-disconnector, switches and short-circuiting connections, being part of a generator circuit-breaker system
77	6.12 Locking devices 6.13 Position indication
78	6.14 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures 6.14.1 General
79	6.14.2 Protection of persons against access to hazardous parts and protection of the equipment against ingress of solid foreign objects (IP coding) 6.14.3 Protection against ingress of water (IP coding) 6.14.4 Protection against mechanical impact under normal service conditions (IK coding) 6.15 Creepage distances for outdoor insulators 6.16 Gas and vacuum tightness 6.17 Tightness for liquid systems 6.18 Fire hazard (flammability) 6.19 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 6.20 X-ray emission 6.21 Corrosion 6.22 Filling levels for insulation, switching and/or operation
80	6.101 Requirements for simultaneity of poles during single closing and single opening operations 6.102 General requirement for operation 6.103 Pressure limits of fluids for operation 6.104 Vent outlets of generator circuit-breakers
81	6.105 Warning labels 6.106 Instructions 6.107 Low-and high-pressure interlocking devices 7 Type tests 7.1 General 7.1.1 Basics
83	7.1.2 Information for identification of test objects 7.1.3 Information to be included in type test reports 7.2 Dielectric tests 7.2.1 General Table 11 – Type tests
84	7.2.2 Ambient air conditions during tests
86	7.2.3 Wet test procedure 7.2.4 Arrangement of the equipment
87	7.2.5 Criteria to pass the test 7.2.6 Application of the test voltage and test conditions 7.2.7 Tests of switchgear and controlgear of Ur ≤ 245 kV 7.2.8 Tests of switchgear and controlgear of Ur > 245 kV 7.2.9 Artificial pollution tests for outdoor insulators 7.2.10 Partial discharge tests
88	7.2.11 Dielectric tests on auxiliary and control circuits 7.2.12 Voltage test as a condition check 7.3 Radio interference voltage (RIV) tests 7.4 Resistance measurement 7.4.1 Measurement of the resistance of auxiliary contacts class 1 and class 2 7.4.2 Measurement of the resistance of auxiliary contacts class 3 7.4.3 Electrical continuity of earthed metallic part tests 7.4.4 Resistance measurement of contacts and connections in the main circuit as a condition check
89	7.5 Continuous current tests 7.5.1 Condition of the test object 7.5.2 Arrangement of the equipment
90	Figure 14 – Typical continuous current test setup forsingle-phase enclosed generator circuit-breaker systems (top view)
91	7.5.3 Test current and duration 7.5.4 Temperature measurement during test 7.5.5 Resistance of the main circuit 7.5.6 Criteria to pass test Table 12 – Conditions during continuous current test
92	7.6 Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests 7.6.1 General 7.6.2 Arrangement of the equipment and of the test circuit 7.6.3 Test current and duration
93	7.6.4 Conditions of the test object after test 7.7 Verification of the protection 7.7.1 Verification of the IP coding 7.7.2 Verification of the IK coding 7.8 Tightness tests 7.9 Electromagnetic compatibility tests (EMC) 7.10 Additional tests on auxiliary and control circuits 7.10.1 General 7.10.2 Functional tests 7.10.3 Verification of the operational characteristics of auxiliary contacts 7.10.4 Environmental tests
94	7.10.5 Dielectric tests 7.11 X-radiation test for vacuum interrupters 7.101 Mechanical and environmental tests
98	Table 13 – Number of operating sequences
99	Table 14 – Operations to be performed before and after the test programme
104	7.102 Miscellaneous provisions for making and breaking tests Figure 15 – Test sequences for low and high temperature tests
109	Figure 16 – Reference travel curve measured duringthe three-phase breaking test (idealised curve)
110	Figure 17 – Reference travel curve measured during the three-phase breaking test (idealised curve) with the specified envelopes centred over the reference travel curve Figure 18 – Reference travel curve measured during the three-phase breaking test (idealised curve) with the specified envelopes fully displaced upward from the reference travel curve
111	Figure 19 – Reference travel curve measured during the three-phase breaking test (idealised curve) with the specified envelopes fully displaced downward from the reference travel curve
112	Figure 20 – Equivalent testing set-up for unit testing of generatorcircuit-breakers with more than one separate interrupters
120	Figure 21 – Two valid three-phase symmetrical breaking operations
122	Figure 22 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Minimum arcing time in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop (tarc asym min 1)
123	Figure 23 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for a first-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry criteria after a major loop (tarc asym max 1)
124	Figure 24 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Minimum arcing time in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop (tarc asym min 2)
125	Figure 25 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation –Maximum arcing time for a last-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetrycriteria after a major extended loop (tarc asym max 2)
129	Figure 26 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Minimum arcing time in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop (tarc asym min 1)
130	Figure 27 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for a first-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetry criteria after a major loop (tarc asym max 1)
132	Figure 28 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Minimum arcing time in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop (tarc asym min 2) Figure 29 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation –Maximum arcing time for a last-pole-to-clear at maximum asymmetrycriteria after a major extended loop (tarc asym max 2)
133	Table 15 – Test parameters for 50 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the first-pole-to-clear
134	Table 16 – Test parameters for 60 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the first-pole-to-clear
135	Table 17 – Test parameters for 50 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the last-pole-to-clear
136	Table 18 – Test parameters for 60 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the last-pole-to-clear
137	7.103 System-source short-circuit making and breaking tests
138	Figure 30 – Earthing of test circuits for three-phaseshort-circuit tests, first-pole-to-clear factor 1,5 Figure 31 – Earthing of test circuits for single-phaseshort-circuit tests, first-pole-to-clear factor 1,5
142	Table 19 – Test parameters for commutation tests at 50 Hz and 60 Hz
143	Table 20 – Test-duties to demonstrate the system-source short-circuit makingand breaking current capability for three-phase tests
144	7.104 Load current breaking tests Table 21 – Test-duties to demonstrate the system-source short-circuit makingand breaking current capability for single-phase tests
145	7.105 Generator-source short-circuit current making and breaking tests
149	Figure 32 – Example of a valid prospective test current for test-duty 5
150	Figure 33 – Example of a valid test for test-duty 5 Figure 34 – Example of a valid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-duty 5
151	Figure 35 – Example of an invalid test for test-duty 5 Figure 36 – Example of an invalid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-duty 5
152	Figure 37 – Second example of a valid test for test-duty 5 Figure 38 – Second example of a valid test with a subsequent minor loop for test-duty 5
153	Figure 39 – Example of a valid prospective test current for test-duties 6A and 6B
154	Figure 40 – Example of a valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B
155	Figure 41 – Example of a valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B Figure 42 – Example of a valid test with a subsequent minorloop for test-duties 6A and 6B
156	Figure 43 – Example of an invalid test for test-duties 6A and 6B Figure 44 – Example of an invalid test with a subsequentminor loop for test-duties 6A and 6B
157	Figure 45 – Example of a valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B after adaptingthe contact separation compared to Figure 43 or Figure 44
158	Table 22 – Test-duties to demonstrate the generator-sourceshort-circuit making and breaking current capability for three-phase tests
159	Table 23 – Test-duties to demonstrate the generator-sourceshort-circuit making and breaking current capability for single-phase tests
160	7.106 Out-of-phase making and breaking tests
161	Table 24 – Test-duties to demonstrate the out-of-phase currentmaking and breaking capability for three-phase tests
162	Table 25 – Test-duties to demonstrate the out-of-phase current making and breaking capability for single-phase tests
163	Figure 46 – Test circuit for single-phase out-of-phase tests Figure 47 – Test circuit for out-of-phase tests using two voltagesseparated by 120 electrical degrees Figure 48 – Test circuit for out-of-phase tests with one terminal of the generatorcircuit-breaker earthed (subject to agreement of the manufacturer)
165	7.107 Generator circuit-breakers with alternative operating mechanisms
166	8 Routine tests 8.1 General 8.2 Dielectric test on the main circuit
167	8.3 Tests on auxiliary and control circuits 8.3.1 Inspection of auxiliary and control circuits, and verification of conformity to the circuit diagrams and wiring diagrams 8.3.2 Functional tests 8.3.3 Verification of protection against electrical shock 8.3.4 Dielectric tests
168	8.4 Measurement of the resistance of the main circuit 8.5 Tightness test 8.5.1 General 8.5.2 Controlled pressure systems for gas 8.5.3 Closed pressure systems for gas 8.5.4 Sealed pressure systems 8.5.5 Liquid tightness tests
169	8.6 Design and visual checks 8.101 Mechanical operating tests of generator circuit-breakers
170	8.102 Dielectric tests on the enclosure of generator circuit-breaker systems 9 Guide to the selection of switchgear and controlgear 9.101 General
171	9.102 General application conditions
173	9.103 Application consideration
175	Figure 49 – General circuit diagram of a power plant
178	Figure 50 – Generator-source short-circuit current
179	Figure 51 – Generator-source short-circuit current in the case of generator delivering power with lagging or leading power factor prior to fault initiation
180	Figure 52 – Short-circuit current for generator-source fault
182	Figure 53 – Short-circuit current with circuit-breaker arc voltageafter contact separation
191	Figure 54 – Single-line diagram of a power plant with two generators connected to the high-voltage system by means of a three-winding step-up transformer
193	Figure 55 – Single-line diagram of unit generator system Figure 56 – Single-line diagram of half-sized transformer unit system
194	Figure 57 – Single-line diagram of system with half-sized generators
198	Figure 58 – Single-line diagram of power system Figure 59 – Equivalent circuit of power system
199	Figure 60 – Voltage diagram for lagging power factor load Figure 61 – Voltage diagram for unity power factor load Figure 62 – Recovery voltage across the generator circuit-breaker
200	Figure 63 – TRV curve for the first-pole-to-clear
204	10 Information to be given with enquiries, tenders and orders (informative) 10.1 General 10.2 Information with enquiries and orders
205	10.3 Information with tenders
207	11 Transport, storage, installation, operating instructions and maintenance 11.1 General 11.2 Conditions during transport, storage and installation 11.3 Installation 11.3.1 General 11.3.2 Unpacking and lifting
208	11.3.3 Assembly 11.3.4 Mounting 11.3.5 Connections 11.3.6 Information about gas and gas mixtures for controlled and closed pressure systems 11.3.7 Final installation inspection
209	11.3.8 Basic input data by the user 11.3.9 Basic input data by the manufacturer
213	11.4 Operating instructions 11.5 Maintenance 11.5.1 General 11.5.2 Information about fluids and gas to be included in maintenance manual 11.5.3 Recommendations for the manufacturer
215	11.5.4 Recommendations for the user 11.5.5 Failure report
216	12 Safety 12.1 General
217	12.2 Precautions by manufacturers 12.3 Precautions by users
218	13 Influence of the product on the environment
219	Annexes Annex A (normative)Tolerances on test quantities during type tests
220	Table A.1 – Tolerances on test quantities for type tests
226	Annex B (normative)Records and reports of type tests specified in7.6, 7.103, 7.104, 7.105 and 7.106 B.1 Information and results to be recorded B.2 Information to be included in type test reports B.2.1 General B.2.2 Apparatus tested B.2.3 Rated characteristics of generator circuit-breaker, including its operating devices and auxiliary equipment
227	B.2.4 Test conditions (for each series of tests) B.2.5 Short-circuit making and breaking tests
228	B.2.6 Short-time withstand current test B.2.7 No-load operation B.2.8 Out-of-phase making and breaking tests
229	B.2.9 Load current breaking tests B.2.10 Graphical records
230	Annex C (normative)Method for determining the reference travel band closing and the reference travel band opening of the mechanical characteristics C.1 General C.2 Reference travel band closing C.3 Reference travel band opening
231	Figure C.1 – Reference travel band closing Figure C.2 – Reference travel band opening
232	Annex D (informative)Example of the application of a generator circuit-breaker D.1 General D.2 System characteristics Figure D.1 – Single-line power plant diagram
233	Table D.1 – System characteristics
234	D.3 System-source short-circuit current D.3.1 AC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current
235	D.3.2 Asymmetrical system-source short-circuit breaking current
237	D.4 Generator-source short-circuit current D.4.1 AC component of the generator-source short-circuit breaking current
238	D.4.2 Asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit breaking current
240	Figure D.2 – Asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit currentwith no arc at the fault location Figure D.3 – Asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit currentwith arc at the fault location
241	D.5 Transient recovery voltage D.6 Out-of-phase conditions
242	Figure D.4 – Schematic diagram of power plant(single-line diagram as in Figure 55)
243	Figure D.5 – Prospective fault current considering the moment of inertia of the synchronous machine and resulting from synchronising under out-of-phase conditions
244	D.7 Continuous current application
245	D.8 Generator circuit-breaker electrical characteristics Figure D.6 – Generator circuit-breaker temperatureand load current with loss of coolant
247	Annex E (informative)Example of the application of a generatorcircuit-breaker with multiple generators E.1 General Figure E.1 – Single-line power plant diagram with two generators
248	E.2 System-source short-circuit current with additional generator contribution E.2.1 General E.2.2 AC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current E.2.3 Asymmetrical system-source short-circuit breaking current E.3 Generator-source short-circuit current
249	E.4 Calculation based on power plant layout E.4.1 System-source short-circuit current with additional generator contribution E.4.2 Generator-source short-circuit current E.5 Power plant layout with additional generator circuit-breaker connected at the generator voltage terminals of the step-up transformer E.5.1 General Figure E.2 – Single-line power plant diagram with two generators and three GCBs
250	E.5.2 System-source short-circuit breaking current E.5.3 Multiple generator-source short-circuit breaking current E.6 Transient recovery voltage
251	Annex F (informative)Effects on TRV requirements due to the capacitance added when shielded cables connect generator circuit-breakers to the step-up transformer
252	Figure F.1 – TRV rate-of-rise for system-source faults: transformersrated from 65,5 MVA to 100 MVA Figure F.2 – TRV peak (uc) multipliers for system-source faults:transformers rated from 65,5 MVA to 100 MVA
253	Figure F.3 – TRV rate-of-rise for system-source faults:transformers rated from 10 MVA to 50 MVA Figure F.4 – TRV peak (uc) multipliers for system-source faults:transformers rated from 10 MVA to 50 MVA
254	Annex G (informative)Symbols and related terminology G.1 Comparison of IEEE and IEC electrical terms and symbols Table G.1 – Comparison of IEEE and IEC electrical terms and symbols
255	G.2 Comparison between TRV terminology and symbols
256	Figure G.1 – Two-parameter TRV envelope representation of 1-cosineTRV when interrupting three-phase symmetrical fault currents Table G.2 – Comparison between the TRV terminology and symbols usedin this document and those used in older IEEE/ANSI standards
257	Annex H (informative)Determination of the degree of asymmetry forgenerator-source short-circuit breaking tests
258	Figure H.1 – Prospective generator-source short-circuit current(fault initiation at voltage zero)
259	Annex I (informative)Faults in circuits with a three-winding step-up transformer Figure I.1 – Single-line diagram of a power plant with two generators connected to the high-voltage system by means of a three-winding step-up transformer
260	Figure I.2 – Prospective fault current to be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker #1 Table I.1 – Comparison between prospective system-source short-circuit currentsto be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker #1 in the case of a three-phase earthed fault occurring at location F in Figure I.1
261	Figure I.3 – Prospective fault current to be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker #2
262	Annex J (normative)Requirements for testing and application of Tee-OFF generator circuitbreakers in power plant layouts Figure J.1 – Single-line diagram of a power plant with Tee-OFF generatorcircuitbreaker and generator circuit-breaker
263	Figure J.2 – Power plant electrical layout with Tee-OFF generator circuit-breaker – fault locations considered for setting the requirements for the application of the TeeOFF generator circuit-breaker
265	Table J.1 – TRV parameters related to the breaking of the Tee-OFF generatorcircuit-breaker short-circuit current
267	Table J.2 – Nameplate information for Tee-OFF generator circuit-breakers
269	Annex K (normative)Requirements for doubly-fed induction machines (DFIMs) applications K.1 General K.2 Transient stator and rotor currents Figure K.1 – Equivalent circuit of a DFIM
270	K.3 Stator currents in case of a three-phase fault K.4 DC component of the short-circuit current K.5 AC component of the short-circuit current
271	K.6 Influence of rotor’s slip K.7 Influence of the crowbar resistor K.8 Influence of pre-fault loading conditions K.9 Specific requirements for the application of generator circuit-breakers
272	Figure K.2 – Example of influence of crowbar resistoron generator-source short-circuit current
273	Annex L (normative)Requirements for wind farm applications L.1 General L.2 Generators without power electronic converters L.3 Generators with full-scale power electronic converters connected at the stator of the generator
274	L.4 Generators with partial-scale power electronic converters connected at the rotor of the generator L.5 Breaking tests L.5.1 General L.5.2 Low frequency breaking tests
275	Table L.1 – TRV parameters for low frequency generator-source faults
276	Table L.2 – Test-duties to demonstrate the low frequencybreaking capability for three-phase tests
277	L.5.3 High frequency breaking tests Table L.3 – Test-duties to demonstrate the low frequencybreaking capability for single-phase tests
278	Table L.4 – TRV parameters for high frequency generator-source faults
279	Table L.5 – Test-duties to demonstrate the high frequencybreaking capability for three-phase tests
280	Table L.6 – Test-duties to demonstrate the high frequencybreaking capability for single-phase tests
281	Annex M (normative)Assessment of TRV test parameters for out-of-phase current breaking in the case of generator circuit-breakers equipped with capacitors
282	Table M.1 – Reference values for MVA classes
283	Annex N (normative)Assessment of TRV test parameters for load current breakingin the case of generator circuit-breakers equipped with capacitors
285	Annex O (normative)Requirements for pumped-storage applications O.1 General
286	Figure O.1 – Pumped-storage power plant – Typical single line diagram
287	O.2 Phase-reversal-disconnector O.3 Starting switch and BTB-switch O.4 Braking switch
288	Figure O.2 – Braking switch single line diagram
289	O.5 Breaking tests O.5.1 General O.5.2 Low frequency breaking tests
290	Annex P (informative)Derivation of the humidity exponent w
291	Figure P.1 – Humidity exponent w
292	Figure P.2 – Humidity correction factor k2 (example 1)
293	Figure P.3 – Humidity correction factor k2 (example 2)
294	Bibliography

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Standard Title	IEEE/IEC International Standard for High-voltage switchgear and controlgear–Part 37-013: Alternating current generator circuit-breakers
Published Code	IEEE
Publication Date	2021

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