ASCE Manual 94 98 1998

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Manual of Practice No. 94: Inland Navigation

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASCE	1998	398

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Description

Inland navigation: Locks, Dams,and Channels (ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 94) was prepared by a task committee of the Waterways committee, which is part of the Waterways, Ports, Coastal, and Ocean Division. The Manual provides information on planning, design, construction, and operation of the US waterways used by barge traffic. Most of the information comes from design criteria and more than 100 years of experience of the US Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps has built more than 220 lock and dam projects on US waterways and maintains more than 25,000 miles of inland navigation channels. This Manual also includes an inventory of the Corps lock and Dam projects and 6 case histories.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
6	TABLE OF CONTENTS
24	1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Historical Development
25	1.3 Background 1.4 Scope
27	1.5 Design Philosophy 1.6 Safety
28	1.7 Efficiency 1.8 Reliability
30	2 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION 2.1 Justification 2.2 Preliminary Planning 2.3 Evaluation of Existing Streams
31	2.4 Commodities to be Moved 2.5 Features Considered 2.6 Waterway Types 2.7 OpenRiver
32	2.8 Canalized Streams 2.9 Canals
33	2.10 Basis of Selection 2.11 Cost Estimates 2.12 Basic Project Components
34	2.13 Supplemental Project Components 2.14 Checklist for Studies Required
36	3 PROJECT PARAMETERS 3.1 Hydrology 3.1.1 General 3.1.2 Basin Description
37	3.1.3 Hydrologie Data
38	3.1.4 Hydrologie Data Sources 3.1.5 Hydrologie Model
40	3.1.6 Flow Computations 3.2 Hydraulics 3.2.1 General
41	3.2.2 Channel Discharge Rating Curves 3.2.3 Water-Surface Profiles
42	3.2.4 Specific Profile Uses
43	3.2.5 Navigation Pool Level Stability
44	3.3 Sedimentation 3.3.1 General 3.3.2 Problems
45	3.3.3 Sediment Data Needs 3.3.4 Sedimentation Study 3.3.5 Analysis Tools
46	3.3.6 Sediment Control Measures
47	3.4 Ice Conditions 3.4.1 General 3.5 Source
48	4 WATERWAY TRAFFIC 4.1 General
50	4.2 Towboat Controls
53	4.3 Maneuverability of Tows
55	4.4 Visibility 4.5 Effects of Currents 4.6 Source
56	5 CHANNEL SIZE AND ALIGNMENT 5.1 General 5.1.1 Channel Characteristics 5.1.2 Channel Dimensions
57	5.1.3 Channel Requirements 5.2 ChannelDesign 5.2.1 Channel Cross-Section
58	5.3 Channel in Straight Reaches 5.3.1 Minimum Width 5.3.2 Minimum Crossing Distance
59	5.4 Channel Widths in Bends 5.4.1 Orientation of Tows in Bends
61	5.4.2 Determining Channel Widths Required in Bends
63	5.4.3 Deflection Angles
70	5.4.4 Irregular Bank Line 5.4.5 Basis of Design
71	5.5 Bridge Location and Clearances 5.5.1 Location 5.5.2 Clearances 5.5 Source
72	6 OPEN-RIVER NAVIGATION 6.1 General 6.2 Cost 6.3 Factors Affecting Navigation
73	6.4 Feasibility Study 6.5 Source
74	7 CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL STREAMS 7.1 General 7.1.1 Natural Streams 7.1.2 Sedimentation Problems 7.1.3 Sediment Load
75	7.1.4 Third Dimension 7.2 Shoaling Problems 7.2.1 Deposition
76	7.2.2 Stage and Discharge 7.2.3 Low-Water Profiles 7.2.4 Meandering Channels
77	7.2.5 Scour in Bends 7.2.6 Sediment Movement 7.2.7 Crossings
79	7.2.8 Straight Channels 7.2.9 Divided Channels 7.2.10 Tributary Streams
80	7.2.11 Entrances to Canals and Harbors
81	7.3 Source
82	8 RIVER TRAINING WORKS 8.1 General 8.1.1 Requirement 8.2 Dredging 8.2.1 Corrective Dredging
83	8.3 Channel Stabilization 8.3.1 BankErosion 8.3.2 Types of Protection 8.4 Cutoffs 8.4.1 Purpose and Method
84	8.4.2 OldBendways
85	8.5 Training Structures 8.5.1 General 8.5.2 Spur Dikes
86	8.5.3 Longitudinal Dikes 8.5.4 Vane Dikes 8.5.5 L-Head Dikes
87	8.5.6 Closure Dikes 8.5.7 Bendway Weirs 8.5.8 Examples of River Training Works
88	8.6 Source
98	9 LOCK AND DAM SYSTEMS 9.1 Factors Involved 9.1.1 General 9.1.2 Locks in Stream Channels
99	9.1.3 Other Considerations 9.2 Channel Alignment 9.2.1 Effects of Channel Alignment 9.2.2 Locks on Concave Side of Bend 9.2.3 Locks on Convex Side of Bends
100	9.2.4 Bypass Canals
102	9.2.5 Factors tobe Considered 9.3 Locks in Canals 9.3.0 Effects on Navigation 9.3.2 Upper Canal Entrance
103	9.3.3 Two-Way Traffic 9.3.4 Flow Across Adjacent Overbank 9.3.5 Lock Filling 9.3.6 Reduction of Surges in Canal
104	9.3.7 Upper Lock Approach 9.3.8 Lower Lock Approach
105	9.4 Lock Auxiliary Walls 9.4.1 Guide Walls 9.4.2 Upper Guide Wall 9.4.3 Lower Guide Wall
106	9.4.4 Guard Walls 9.4.5 Upper Guard Wall
107	9.4.6 Lower Guard Wall 9.5 Arrangement of Locksand Auxiliary Walls 9.5.1 Single Lock
109	9.5.2 Adjacent Locks
111	9.6 New Arrangements of Locks and Auxiliary Walls 9.6.1 General 9.6.2 Upper Lock Walls with Adjacent Locks
113	9.6.3 Lower Lock Walls with Adjacent Locks
114	9.6.4 Separation of Locks
115	9.6.5 Upper Approach 9.6.6 Lower Approach 9.6.7 Locks in Canal 9.7 Upper Lock Approach 9.7.1 Navigation Conditions
117	9.7.2 Ports in Guard Wall 9.7.3 Effects of Ports on Movement of Ice and Debris
118	9.7.4 Channel Depths 9.7.5 OverbankFlow
119	9.8 Lower Lock Approach 9.8.1 Currents Affecting Navigation
120	9.8.2 Guide and Guard Walls
121	9.8.3 Overbank Flow 9.9 Shoaling in Lock Approaches 9.9.1 Upper Lock Approach
122	9.9.2 Lower Lock Approach 9.9.3 Reducing Shoaling in Lower Approach
123	9.10 Lock-Emptying Outlets 9.10.1 Location of Outlets
125	9.10.2 River Side of Locks 9.10.3 Outlets on Land Side and River Side of Lock 9.10.4 Surges in Canals
126	9.10.5 Filling from and Emptying into Adjacent River Channel 9.11 Hydroplants 9.11.1 Effects of Operation
128	9.11.2 Reduction of Adverse Currents 9.12 Source
130	10 LOCK DESIGN 10.1 Project Function 10.1.1 Primary Components
131	10.1.2 SpecialNeeds
132	10.1.3 Classification Systems 10.1.4 Chamber Performance
135	10.1.5 Application 10.2 Chamber Alternatives 10.2.1 General 10.2.2 Number of Parallel Chambers 10.2.3 Chamber Dimensions
136	10.2.4 Chamber Types
137	10.3 Foundation and Structure Concerns 10.3.1 Hydraulic Loading 10.3.2 Chamber Structure
141	10.3.3 Guide and Guard Walls
142	10.3.4 Other Structures 10.4 Filling and Emptying 10.4.1 Project Type
143	10.4.2 Design Type
145	10.4.3 Lateral Culverts
146	10.4.4 Features
147	10.4.5 Recent Designs 10.5 Appurtenant Concerns 10.5.1 Navigation Aids 10.5.2 Surge Reduction
154	10.5.3 Impact Barriers 10.5.4 Water Saving 10.5.5 Dewatering
155	10.5.6 Emergency Closure 10.5.7 Debris Control
156	10.6 Filling-and-Emptying Feature Design 10.6.1 General 10.6.2 Sill Spacing Parameters
157	10.6.3 Sill Spacing 10.6.4 Location of Intake Structures 10.6.5 LockFilling
159	10.6.6 Chamber Depth
161	10.6.7 Sill Elevation
162	10.6.8 Sill Elevation Guidance 10.6.9 Location of Outlet Structures
163	10.6.10 Typical Outlet Locations 10.7 Very-Low-Lift Designs 10.7.1 General 10.7.2 Sector Gate Design Concept
164	10.7.3 Hydraulic Evaluation
166	10.7.4 Side-Port Flume Designs 10.8 Culvert-to-Chamber Systems 10.8.1 General 10.8.2 Chamber Port Arrangements
167	10.8.3 Flow Passage Areas
168	10.8.4 Chamber Ports, Baffles, and Manifolds 10.9 Outlet Systems 10.9.1 General
170	10.9.2 Design Types
172	10.10 Intakes 10.10.1 General
173	10.10.2 Design Types
175	10.11 Filling-and-Emptying Valve Systems 10.11.1 General 10.11.2 Valve Sizing
176	10.11.3 Valve Siting 10.12 Culvert Layouts 10.12.1 General
177	10.12.2 Contracting and Expanding Systems 10.13 Other Hydraulic Design Features 10.13.1 Surge Reduction 10.13.2 Computational Aids
178	10.13.3 Impact Barrier 10.13.4 Water Saving 10.13.5 Dewatering 10.13.6 Emergency Closure (General Emergency Situations)
179	10.13.7 Consequences of Pool Loss 10.13.8 Types of Emergency Closure Systems
182	10.13.9 Design Loadings
183	10.14 Example Design of Side-Port Systems 10.14.1 Description 10.14.2 Port Size
185	10.14.3 Port Spacing
186	10.14.4 Number of Ports 10.14.5 Culvert Size 10.14.6 Culvert Shape
187	10.14.7 Port Shape 10.14.8 Port Deflectors 10.14.9 Angled Ports 10.14.10 Required Submergence
190	10.14.11 Ports Above Chamber Floor 10.14.12 Valve Position 10.14.13 Culvert Transitions 10.14.14 Suggested Designs
191	10.14.15 Valve Times, Filling 10.14.16 Valve Times, Emptying 10.14.17 Filling and Emptying Computations
194	10.14.18 Discussion
196	10.15 Example Design of High-Lift Locks 10.15.1 Objectives 10.15.2 Turbulence
197	10.15.3 Flow
198	10.15.4 Crossover Culverts 10.15.5 Divider Piers 10.15.6 Combining Culverts
200	10.15.7 Distribution Culverts
201	10.15.8 Cross-Sectional Area 10.15.9 Port Manifolds 10.15.10 Baffles 10.15.11 Bottom Filling and Emptying
202	10.15.12 Reverse Tainter Gates Valves 10.15.13 Tainter Valves 10.15.14 Cavitation
203	10.15.15 Pressures 10.15.16 Culvert Expansions 10.16 Mechanical Lifts 10.16.1 General
205	10.16.2 Types
206	10.16.3 Capacity 10.16.4 Water Slopes 10.16.5 Separate Facilities for Recreational Craft
209	10.17 Source
210	11 DAMDESIGN 11.1 General 11.2 Crest Design 11.2.1 General
212	11.2.2 Upstream Face 11.2.3 Downstream Face for Nonsubmersible Gate Spillway
213	11.2.4 Downstream Face, Submersible 11.2.5 Intersection of Downstream Spillway Face and Stilling Basin Floor 11.2.6 Crest Pressures, Velocities, and Water Surface Profiles
216	11.3 Spillway Capacity for High-Head Dams 11.4 Spillway Capacity for Low-Head Dams
217	11.4.1 Spillway Crest Elevation 11.4.2 Over-bank Crest Elevation 11.5 Pool-Tailwater Relationships 11.5.1 Case 1
218	11.5.2 Case 2 11.5.3 Case 3 11.6 Pool Elevations 11.7 Discharge Rating Curves for Gated, Broad-Crested Weirs 11.7.1 General
220	11.7.2 Determining Flow Regime 11.7.3 Free Uncontrolled Flow
222	11.7.4 Submerged Uncontrolled Flow 11.7.5 Free ControUed Flow
223	11.7.6 Submerged Controlled Flow 11.7.7 Rating Curve Accuracy
224	11.8 Overflow Embankments 11.8.1 General
226	11.8.2 Discharge over Uncontrolled Sections 11.9 Stilling Basin Design 11.9.1 General 11.9.2 Influence of Operating Schedules 11.9.3 Requirements for New Project Design
227	11.9.4 Hydraulics of Stilling Basins
228	11.9.5 Recommendations from Results of Previous Model Tests
232	11.10 Approach Area 11.10.1 Configuration 11.10.2 Upstream Channel Protection 11.11 Exit Area 11.11.1 Configuration
233	11.11.2 Downstream Channel Protection
235	11.12 Spillway Gates
236	11.13 Gate Types and Selection 11.13.1 Roller Gates 11.13.2 Tainter Gates
237	11.13.3 Vertical-Lift Gates 11.13.4 Other Types 11.13.5 Selection of Gates
239	11.14 Tainter Gate Design 11.14.1 Gate Seal Design and Vibration
240	11.14.2 Surging of Flow
241	11.14.3 Gate Seat Location 11.14.4 Tainter Gate Trunnion Elevation 11.14.5 Top of Gates, Closed Position 11.14.6 Bottom of Tainter Gates, Raised Position
242	11.14.7 Gate Radius 11.14.8 Submersible Tainter Gates 11.15 Vertical-Lift Gate Design 11.16 Spillway Piers 11.16.1 Thickness 11.16.2 Supplemental Closure Facilities
243	11.16.3 Pier Nose Shape 11.16.4 Barge Hitches 11.17 Abutments 11.18 Navigable Passes
244	11.19 Low-Flow and Water Quality Releases 11.20 Fish Passage Facilities
245	11.21 Example Design 11.22 Source
246	12 OTHER FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED 12.1 Effects of Locks and Dams on Sediment Movement 12.1.1 Spillway Operation 12.1.2 Hinged Pool Operation
247	12.1.3 Open-River Conditions 12.1.4 Depths in Upper Lock Approach 12.2 Harbors and Mooring Areas 12.2.1 Location
248	12.2.2 Inland Harbors 12.2.3 Harbor Entrances
249	12.2.4 Effects of Currents
250	12.2.5 Old Bendways 12.2.6 Harbor Design Guidance
251	12.2.7 General
252	12.2.8 Modification of Locks 12.2.9 Lock Approaches
253	12.2.10 Lock Replacement or Addition 12.2.11 Modification of Channel Dimensions 12.2.12 Current Alignment
254	12.2.13 Bridges 12.3 Special Design Features 12.3.1 Special Features 12.3.2 Debris Control 12.3.3 Standardization 12.3.4 Emergency Closure
255	12.3.5 Impact Barriers
256	12.3.6 Water Conservation 12.3.7 Mooring Facilities 12.4 Effects of Surface Waves 12.4.1 Waves Generated by Traffic
257	12.4.2 Wind Waves 12.4.3 Prototype Measurements
258	12.5 Vessel Traffic Management 12.5.1 General Concepts 12.5.2 Management Levels
259	12.5.3 Federal Aids to Navigation 12.5.4 Privately Maintained Aids 12.5.5 Navigation Rules 12.5.6 Voice Communications
264	12.5.7 Vessel Routing Systems 12.5.8 Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) 12.6 Recreation 12.6.1 Recreational Opportunities
265	12.7 Fish Passage at Locks and Dams 12.7.1 General 12.7.2 Downstream Migration
267	12.7.3 Upstream Migration
272	13 WINTER NAVIGATION 13.1 Ice Problems 13.1.1 Effects onNavigation 13.1.2 Effects on Structures
273	13.1.3 Design Considerations
274	13.1.4 Ice Control Methods 13.2 Ice Jams 13.2.1 Introduction 13.2.2 Discussion
275	13.2.3 Methods of Ice Jam Removal
279	13.3 Ice Breaking 13.3.1 Introduction 13.3.2 Environment
280	13.3.3 Vessel Shape 13.3.4 Auxiliary Ice Breaking Devices
282	13.3.5 Summary
284	13.4 Ice Adhesion 13.4.1 Introduction 13.4.2 Ice Cutting Saw
285	13.4.3 Operation of the Ice Cutting Saw
286	13.4.4 Copolymer Coating 13.4.5 Application of the Copolymer Coating
287	13.4.6 Options for New Locks or Lock Rehabilitation 13.5 Ice Control 13.5.1 Introduction
288	13.5.2 Ice Booms 13.5.3 Boom Configuration 13.5.4 Site Considerations 13.5.5 Design Considerations
291	13.5.6 Floating Ice Dispersion
292	13.5.7 Ice deflectors 13.6 Source
294	14 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 14.1 Existing Regulations 14.1.1 Background 14.1.2 Environmental Impact Statement
295	14.2 Factors to be Considered 14.2.1 Background Environmental Considerations
298	15 COST ANALYSIS 15.1 Cost Optimization 15.2 Elements 15.3 Effects of Protection Level
299	15.4 Economic Life 15.5 Annual Damage
300	15.6 Total Cost 15.6.1 Example Problem
302	15.7 Spillway Optimization
304	16 MODEL STUDIES 16.1 General 16.2 Use of Model Studies
307	16.3 Optimum Design 16.4 Cost of Model Studies 16.5 Spillway Models
309	16.6 Lock Models 16.7 Purpose of Model Study 16.8 Scales
310	16.9 Model Construction 16.10 Prototype Expectations 16.11 Revisions to Scaled Values 16.11.1 Filling-and-Emptying Times
313	16.11.2 Similar (Model and Prototype) Locks 16.11.3 Reynolds Number Corrections 16.12 General Navigation Models 16.13 Vessel Simulator Models
318	17 CONSTRUCTION 17.1 Overview 17.1.1 General 17.2 In-River Construction 17.2.1 Factors to be Considered 17.2.2 Maintenance of Traffic
319	17.2.3 Effects on River Currents 17.2.4 Cofferdam Configuration
320	17.2.5 Flow Diversion Schemes
322	17.2.6 Maintenance of Navigation
323	17.2.7 Construction Phases
325	17.2.8 Cofferdam Heights
326	17.2.9 Cofferdam Preflooding Facilities 17.2.10 Example Determination of Cofferdam Heights 17.2.11 Scour Protection 17.3 Construction in the Dry 17.3.1 Benefits 17.3.2 New Bonneville Lock
328	17.3.3 Red River Waterway
330	18 OPERATION 18.1 Normal Spillway Operations 18.1.1 Maintenance of Navigation Pool Levels
332	18.1.2 Low-Flow Periods 18.1.3 Flood Flow Periods
336	18.1.4 Ice and Debris Passage
337	18.2 Special Spillway Operations 18.2.1 Purpose 18.2.2 Loss of Scour Protection
338	18.2.3 Operator Error 18.2.4 Equipment Malfunction
339	18.2.5 Spillway Maintenance 18.2.6 Emergency Operation
341	18.3 Maintenance Dredging 18.3.1 General 18.3.2 Management Objectives 18.3.3 Dredging Operation Considerations 18.3.4 Location and Quantities to be Dredged
342	18.3.5 Sediment Composition 18.3.6 Dredge Equipment 18.3.7 Disposal Areas
343	18.3.8 Environmental Protection
344	18.3.9 Contaminated Disposal Area Management 18.3.10 Long-Term Maintenance Dredging Plan 18.3.1 Additional Information 18.4 Inspections 18.4.1 Inspection
346	19 REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT 19.1 General 19.2 Design Life 19.3 Modernization Features
347	19.4 Typical Repair and Rehabilitation Items 19.4.1 Dam Stability 19.4.2 Discharge Capacity 19.4.3 Ice and Debris Control 19.4.4 Replacement in Kind 19.5 Scour Protection 19.5.1 Background
348	19.5.2 Existing Project Design 19.5.3 Consequence of Failure 19.5.4 Design Rationale 19.5.5 Fixed-Crest Dams 19.5.6 Gated Structures
349	19.5.7 Methods of Protection 19.6 Repair and Rehabilitation Model Studies
352	20 CASEHISTORIES Case History 1. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway Description
353	Pertinent Data Lock Lift and Fill System Type Construction Chronology
356	Project Cost Unique Features Case History 2. New Bonneville Lock Description
360	Pertinent Data Lock Filling System Construction Chronology Project Cost Models Used for Design Unique Features
361	Case History 3. Melvin Price Lock and Dam Description
362	Pertinent Data Construction Chronology
363	Project Cost Model Studies Used For Design Unique Features
364	Case History 4. Red River Waterway Description
366	Pertinent Data LockLifts Construction Chronology Project Cost Models Used For Design
367	Unique Features Case History 5. Leland Bowman Lock Description
369	Pertinent Data Lock Filling System Construction Chronology Project Cost Model Used for Design Unique Features
370	Case History 6. Willamette Falls Locks Description
371	Pertinent Data Lock Fill System Construction Chronology
372	Project Cost Unique Features
374	REFERENCES
376	APPENDIX A: INVENTORY OF CORPS OF ENGINEERS LOCKS
388	INDEX A B
389	C
390	D
391	E F
392	G H I
393	J K L
394	M N O
395	P R
396	S
397	T U V W